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Jonathan Rosenfeld - J.D

December 3, 2024

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Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a severe birth injury that can have lifelong effects on the affected child and their family. It is unfortunately quite common, with statistics revealing that HIE affects between 3 and 20 infants per 1000 live births. 

In the preterm infant, HIE occurs in up to 60% of live births, underscoring the importance of understanding its causes, consequences, and the legal options available to families impacted by this condition. [1]

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a type of brain dysfunction that occurs when a newborn’s brain does not receive enough blood flow (and thus oxygen) before, during, or after birth. 

This condition can lead to significant neurological and developmental issues and affects the overall well-being of the child.

Stage 1: Mild HIE

Symptoms of the mildest form of HIE may include slightly abnormal tone or reflexes, irritability, and poor feeding within the first 24 hours after birth. These symptoms are often temporary and may resolve with minimal medical intervention, allowing most infants to achieve a normal neurological outcome.

Stage 2: Moderate HIE

At this stage, infants exhibit more pronounced issues such as lethargy, markedly decreased muscle tone, and seizures. The limited blood flow to the baby’s brain is more significant, and babies may require medical support to maintain their well-being. 

Feeding difficulties are common, and there is a higher risk of long-term brain damage without prompt and adequate treatment.

Stage 3: Severe HIE

This is the most critical stage, where newborns experience severe lethargy or coma, profoundly decreased muscle tone or abnormal posturing, and frequent seizures. The impact of insufficient blood and oxygen supply to the baby’s brain is most severe in this stage. 

Infants at this level of HIE require intensive medical intervention to survive and are at significant risk for long-term neurological and developmental impairments.

The causes of HIE often tie back to medical oversight or error, which can be the foundation of a lawsuit. Here are some common causes of HIE:

  • Oxygen deprivation: Failure to monitor and promptly address fetal distress can lead to insufficient oxygen supply and reduced blood flow to the infant’s brain (sometimes referred to as birth asphyxia), which is one of the primary risk factors and causes of HIE. In such cases, healthcare providers might be liable for not acting quickly enough or failing to employ the necessary interventions.
  • Umbilical cord issues: Complications such as umbilical cord prolapse can severely restrict a baby’s oxygen supply. Obstetricians and attending healthcare personnel are responsible for detecting and managing these complications promptly to prevent HIE.
  • Low blood pressure in the mother: Low blood pressure in the mother can lead to insufficient oxygen supply to the fetus, resulting in damage to brain cells and potentially causing the baby’s brain to swell. This brain swelling, if not managed appropriately by the medical provider, can increase the risk of HIE.
  • Placental issues: Placental issues like placental abruption, where the placenta prematurely separates from the uterus, or placental insufficiency, a condition characterized by the placenta’s inability to deliver adequate nutrients and oxygen to the newborn baby, significantly heighten the risk of HIE. If you suspect that was the reason for your birth injury, our placental abruption lawyers are here for you and your family.
  • Infection: Infections in the mother that are undiagnosed or untreated can lead to inflammation affecting the fetus, potentially causing HIE. A medical professional may be liable if they fail to test for or notice signs of infection in pregnant patients.
  • Delayed delivery: Delays in performing necessary cesarean sections in the face of fetal distress can result in prolonged periods of low oxygen for the baby, increasing the risk factors of HIE. Legal action might be warranted if it can be shown that a timely c-section could have prevented the child’s brain injury.

The ramifications of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy extend beyond the immediate post-birth period, potentially leading to a series of severe, lifelong challenges for the affected child and their family. Some of the long-term consequences of HIE include:

  • Developmental delays: Children with HIE may experience developmental delays, such as walking, talking, and social interactions. These delays can range from mild to severe and may require ongoing therapy and support.  
  • Cerebral palsy: One of the most common outcomes of severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is cerebral palsy, a group of permanent movement disorders appearing in early childhood. Symptoms include muscle rigidity, tremors, and an inability to perform precise motions, significantly impacting the child’s quality of life. If this is the outcome of your birth injury, contact a Chicago cerebral palsy lawyer from our team to explore your legal options.
  • Epilepsy: HIE can lead to a higher risk of developing epilepsy, a neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Learning to control seizures and manage epilepsy involves long-term medication, lifestyle adjustments, and potentially surgery, which can be taxing for both the child and their families and caregivers.
  • Reperfusion injuries: HIE can lead to reperfusion injury, a phenomenon where the restoration of blood flow after a period of oxygen deprivation causes additional oxidative damage to brain tissue. This process can exacerbate neurological impairments following HIE events.
  • Cognitive challenges: Intellectual disabilities and learning difficulties are prevalent among those who have experienced hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. These challenges can affect academic performance and social skills, requiring special education services and support.
  • Sensory impairments: Vision and hearing impairments are also possible consequences of HIE, which may further complicate a child’s development and learning processes.

While hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy cannot be completely cured, prompt treatments can significantly mitigate its long-term effects and improve the quality of life for affected children. 

Therapeutic hypothermia is a widely recognized treatment administered shortly after birth to reduce permanent brain damage. The treatment must start within the first few hours of life to be effective. 

In some cases, a mechanical ventilator is a critical treatment for HIE, providing essential support by ensuring the newborn receives adequate oxygen to mitigate brain damage. This intervention helps stabilize breathing, offering a crucial window for recovery and the prevention of further injury due to oxygen deprivation.

Additionally, rehabilitative therapies including physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and specialized educational support play a critical role in managing the symptoms of HIE and assisting children in reaching their developmental milestones. 

Can You Sue for Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)?

Yes, families affected by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy may have the legal right to sue for medical malpractice if it is believed that negligent medical care before, during, or immediately after birth contributed to the medical condition. 

Proving Medical Malpractice for an HIE Birth Injury Claim

When pursuing a medical malpractice lawsuit for birth injuries, a Chicago HIE attorney helps you with proving four crucial aspects:  

  1. Duty of care: It must be established that the healthcare provider owed a duty of care to the mother and the baby. This is typically inherent in the doctor-patient relationship.
  2. Breach of duty: Evidence must be provided that the medical team failed to adhere to the medical standards of care during the pregnancy, labor, delivery process, or postnatal care stages, thus breaching their duty.
  3. Causation: The claimant must demonstrate that the breach of duty by the healthcare provider directly caused the HIE, meaning that the birth injuries would not have occurred if the provider had adhered to the standard of care.
  4. Damages: It must be shown that the HIE has resulted in specific damages, such as physical harm to the baby, emotional distress, medical expenses, and the need for ongoing care or therapy.

Each of these elements requires a comprehensive collection of evidence, testimony from medical experts, and a detailed understanding of medical and legal standards to build a strong case with the help of a Chicago medical malpractice attorney

Establishing Liability for HIE Birth Injury Cases

Liability in HIE cases is complex and can extend to various parties depending on the circumstances around the birth and the care provided.

Below are some potentially liable parties:

Healthcare Providers

This category includes obstetricians, midwives, nurses, and other medical staff directly involved in the childbirth process. For example, if an obstetrician fails to monitor the baby’s oxygen levels during labor and delivery, leading to the child’s HIE, they could be held liable.

Hospitals and Medical Institutions

The hospital or birthing center where the childbirth took place can also be held responsible, especially if the injury resulted from institutional policies, lack of proper equipment, or inadequate training of medical professionals. 

An example could be a hospital’s failure to have necessary life-saving equipment readily available.

Pharmaceutical Companies

In some cases, pharmaceutical companies might be liable if a medication prescribed to the mother during pregnancy or labor is proven to have contributed to the child’s injury and proper warnings of the risk factors were not provided.

Manufacturers of Medical Devices

If HIE was caused by a faulty medical device used during childbirth, such as a defective fetal monitor that failed to alert healthcare providers to distress, the manufacturer of that device could be held liable.

Damages You Can Recover in an HIE Medical Malpractice Lawsuit

Victims of infant HIE due to medical malpractice can typically recover a range of damages, both economic and non-economic, including:

  • Medical expenses: Compensation can cover current and future medical treatment related to HIE.
  • Lost wages and loss of earning capacity: If HIE impacts the ability to work or leads to long-term disability, damages may include compensation for lost wages and the future inability to earn at the same capacity.
  • Pain and suffering: This covers the physical pain and emotional distress experienced by the child and the family due to the injury. This is more subjective and varies significantly from case to case.
  • Lifecare expenses: With severe cases of HIE, children may require lifelong care. These damages cover the cost of caregiving, special education, and modifications to living spaces.
  • Wrongful death damages: In devastating instances where the child doesn’t survive HIE, our Chicago wrongful death attorneys can help families recover damages, such as funeral and burial expenses, loss of love and companionship, and the emotional anguish suffered by the family.
HIE birthing-injury-lawsuit

Why You Need a HIE Birth Injury Lawyer

Navigating the aftermath of a birth injury like HIE can be overwhelmingly complex, both emotionally and legally. Having a seasoned HIE birth injury lawyer by your side is indispensable. 

The attorneys at Rosenfeld Injury Lawyers combine deep legal expertise with a compassionate understanding of the challenges your family faces. 

Here’s how our Chicago birth injury lawyers can help you:

Evidence Collection

A meticulous collection of medical records, witness statements, and expert testimonies is crucial. We have the resources and experience to gather comprehensive evidence that substantiates your claim, ensuring no detail is overlooked.

Consulting Experts

Our network includes medical providers and birth injury experts who can provide authoritative insights into how negligence occurred and the impact of the injury. Their expertise is vital in building a compelling case on your behalf.

Calculating Compensation

Understanding the full extent of damages is essential to securing adequate compensation. We take into account every aspect of your and your child’s life affected by the injury to ensure the settlement reflects the true cost of the injury.

Negotiating With Insurance Companies

Insurance companies are known for minimizing payouts. Our attorneys are skilled negotiators who advocate fiercely for your interests, ensuring insurers meet their obligations to provide appropriate financial resources for your loss and suffering.

Trial Representation

While many cases settle out of court, we are prepared to fight your case at trial if necessary. Our courtroom experience and strategic litigation skills mean we’re ready to fight for your rights and seek justice for your family in front of a judge or jury.

In Chicago, the timeline for filing a claim, including those for HIE, varies based on several factors. Generally, the statute of limitations is two years from the date the injury was discovered, but no more than eight years after the injury occurred when the claimant is a minor. This means that taking prompt legal action is crucial to safeguard your right to compensation.

Some exceptions can extend or shorten the deadline, making it imperative to consult with experienced legal professionals who understand the nuances of Illinois’ statutes of limitations. 

Contact Our Chicago HIE Attorneys Today!

Jonathan Rosenfeld, Chicago Personal Injury Lawyer

At Rosenfeld Injury Lawyers, we understand the complexities of HIE cases and are deeply committed to achieving the justice and compensation you deserve. Our services are offered on a contingency fee basis, meaning you won’t pay unless we win your case. 

If you’ve experienced birth injuries as a result of medical negligence, don’t delay in securing the legal representation you deserve. Contact an experienced HIE lawyer from our law firm today to ensure your family’s rights are protected. 

To schedule a free case evaluation with our birth injury lawyers, call us at (888) 424-5757 or reach out online.

Specific Cases We Handle

Our downtown office, near the Richard J. Daley Center, Dirkson United States Courthouse, and the Chicago Workers’ Compensation Commission, offers convenient access from Aurora, Joliet, and Waukegan via I-90, I-94, and I-290.

Rosenfeld Injury Lawyers

225 W Wacker Dr #1660
Chicago, IL 60606

Phone: (847) 835-8895
Toll Free: (888) 424-5757

We also serve clients from Buffalo Grove, Elgin, Schaumburg, Springfield  and throughout Illinois.

Resources: [1] UFHealth

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