Chicago Motorcycle Accident Lawyer

Maximum Compensation for Motorcycle Injury Victims in Chicago

At Rosenfeld Injury Lawyers, we know what it takes to win for motorcyclists hurt on Chicago’s streets and highways. Our Chicago motorcycle accident lawyer team has stood up for riders in the face of aggressive insurance tactics, complex liability disputes, and the unfair bias that too often works against bikers. 

Our track record includes multi-million-dollar recoveries for injured riders, and every case we take is built with one goal in mind: securing the maximum compensation our clients deserve. 

From Lake Shore Drive to the Kennedy Expressway, we’ve navigated the toughest motorcycle accident cases in Cook County, fighting to make sure injured riders have the resources they need to recover, rebuild, and ride again. Contact us for a free consultation today!

Motorcycle Accident Settlements & Verdicts Recovered by Our Chicago Law Firm

Over the years, our team has secured life-changing results for injured riders and their families. Every number you see below represents a real person whose life was turned upside down in a motorcycle accident, and our fight to help them rebuild.

$8,979,000 – Fatal Motorcycle Crash with Delivery Truck

We represented the family of Daniel, a 42-year-old father of two, who was riding on Ashland Avenue when a delivery truck made an illegal left turn in front of him. The impact was catastrophic, and Daniel did not survive. By uncovering surveillance footage from a nearby business and working with accident reconstruction experts, we proved the truck driver’s negligence and secured nearly $9 million for his loved ones.

$5,250,000 – Leg Amputation After Busy Intersection Crash

Our client, Michael, was traveling through the intersection of Western Avenue and Belmont when a car turned directly into his path. The crash crushed his left leg, ultimately requiring amputation. Our Chicago personal injury lawyers demonstrated how poor intersection visibility and the driver’s failure to yield contributed to the crash, leading to a multi-million-dollar settlement.

$2,800,000 – Stalled Truck Without Warning Signs

We stood by the parents of Anthony, a 20-year-old rider, who was heading north on the Kennedy Expressway when he struck a stalled truck sitting in the middle lane with no hazard lights or reflective signage. Through witness testimony and a thorough investigation into trucking regulations, our personal injury attorneys achieved a $2.8 million recovery for his family.

$1,250,000 – Teen Driver Strikes Motorcyclist on Highway

When 19-year-old Alex was killed after being hit by a teen driver weaving through traffic on the Dan Ryan Expressway, his family turned to us for justice. By pulling cell phone records and traffic camera footage, we built a compelling case that led to a $1.25 million settlement.

What Makes Us the Best Motorcycle Accident Attorneys in Chicago

When you hire Rosenfeld Injury Lawyers, you’re partnering with a top-rated Chicago motorcycle accident attorney who has the results and credentials to back it up. 

For nearly 25 years, we’ve represented riders injured on Chicago’s busiest roads, securing more than $450 million in verdicts and settlements for our clients. From wrongful death claims to catastrophic injuries, our experience covers the full spectrum of complex motorcycle accident cases.

Our work has earned us recognition from some of the most respected legal organizations in the country, including:

• Million Dollar Advocates Forum 
• Super Lawyers
• American Association for Justice (AAJ) 
• Illinois Trial Lawyers Association

We’ve helped more than 5,000 clients navigate the aftermath of serious motorcycle crashes. Whether your case involves a hit-and-run, a dangerous road hazard, or a negligent driver, our motorcycle accident attorneys know how to build a winning strategy and push for maximum recovery.

Types of Motorcycle Accident Cases We Handle

Our Chicago motorcycle accident lawyers have handled nearly every scenario a rider can face on the road. Each type of crash comes with its own challenges, whether it’s proving fault, overcoming bias against riders, or untangling complex liability. Here are some of the most common motorcycle accident cases we take on in Chicago.

Collisions with Passenger Vehicles

One of the most frequent causes of motorcycle accidents in Chicago is a driver who simply doesn’t see the rider. From side-impact car accidents on Western Avenue to unsafe turns on Milwaukee Avenue, we’ve held negligent drivers accountable for the devastation they cause.

Hit-and-Run Accidents

We’ve recovered full and fair compensation for riders injured in hit and run car accidents, using traffic camera footage, witness statements, and police investigations to identify and pursue the responsible party.

Drunk Driving Crashes

When impaired car drivers endanger lives on Chicago’s streets, the results can be catastrophic. We work closely with toxicology experts and law enforcement to prove impairment and its role in the drunk driving crash.

Lane-Splitting Incidents

While Illinois law doesn’t currently allow lane-splitting, drivers still have a duty to share the road safely. We’ve represented riders injured when another motorist swerved or opened a door into their path.

What Are the Most Common Causes of Motorcycle Accidents in Chicago?

In our experience as Chicago motorcycle accident lawyers, most crashes aren’t “accidents” in the true sense. They happen because someone failed to follow the rules of the road. For riders, even a small mistake by another driver can lead to life-changing motorcycle accident injuries. These are some of the leading causes we see in motorcycle accidents in Chicago:

Distracted Driving

From texting behind the wheel to fumbling with in-car navigation, distracted car drivers often fail to notice motorcycles in traffic. We’ve handled cases where split-second distractions led to devastating collisions on Lake Shore Drive and the Kennedy Expressway.

Failure to Yield

Intersections like North Avenue & Damen or Cicero & Madison are common trouble spots. Many motorcycle accident cases involve drivers turning left in front of an oncoming rider or ignoring right-of-way rules.

Speeding

High speeds on corridors like the Eisenhower Expressway increase stopping distances and make it harder for drivers to avoid hitting motorcycles. The force of these impacts often results in severe injuries for riders.

Unsafe Lane Changes

Western Avenue and I-90 see frequent lane-change collisions when drivers fail to check blind spots. Motorcycles are harder to spot, which means extra vigilance is required, but too often ignored.

Impaired Driving

Alcohol and drug impairment are still major contributors to fatal motorcycle accidents in Chicago. We’ve seen firsthand how reckless decisions behind the wheel can destroy lives in an instant.

Defective Motorcycle or Parts

Some motorcycle accident injuries aren’t caused by another driver at all. They’re the result of a manufacturing defect or a faulty part. We’ve pursued claims against manufacturers and parts suppliers for brakes, tires, or steering components that failed at critical moments.

Hazardous Road Conditions

Potholes, poorly maintained road markings, and inadequate lighting—especially on side streets in neighborhoods like Pilsen and Englewood—can cause riders to lose control. These cases often involve government entities responsible for road maintenance.

What Are the Most Common Motorcycle Accident Injuries?

As experienced Chicago motorcycle accident lawyers, we know that riders are uniquely exposed when a crash happens. Without the protection of a car’s frame, even a seemingly minor motorcycle crash can result in life-changing harm. Common injuries we’ve helped clients recover from include:

• Traumatic Brain Injuries – We’ve represented riders who suffered TBIs despite wearing helmets. In high-speed motorcycle accidents in Chicago, the force of impact can cause lasting cognitive issues, memory loss, and difficulty with speech or coordination.
• Spinal Cord Injuries – Spinal cord trauma often results in partial or complete paralysis. We work to secure compensation that covers not only emergency care but also the long-term support these injured motorcycle riders will need for the rest of their lives.
• Broken Bones – Broken legs, arms, ribs, and pelvis injuries are common when riders are thrown during a motorcycle crash. We ensure orthopedic treatment, rehabilitation, and related medical expenses are fully accounted for in every fracture claim.
• Severe Road Rash – Sliding across Chicago pavement can strip away skin layers, sometimes requiring grafts and months of recovery. We push for damages that reflect both the physical pain and the emotional toll of these injuries.
• Internal Bleeding and Organ Damage – We’ve seen cases where riders walked away from the scene, only to discover dangerous internal injuries hours later. Our role is to make sure these injuries sustained are documented and tied directly to the crash.
• Amputations – Some riders lose limbs at the scene, while others face surgical amputations due to complications. We build claims that address prosthetics, mobility support, and lost earning capacity.

What Damages Can Chicago Motorcycle Accident Victims Recover?

A successful motorcycle accident personal injury claim can include recovery for:

• Medical Expenses – From emergency surgeries at Northwestern Memorial to ongoing physical therapy, medical care after a motorcycle accident can be overwhelming. We fight to ensure every past and future bill is covered.
• Lost Wages and Reduced Earning Capacity – If your injuries keep you from returning to work—or force you into a lower-paying role—we pursue compensation for both your lost wages and your diminished future income.
• Pain and Suffering – Motorcycle crashes can leave lasting physical pain and emotional scars. We work to place real value on the human toll these injuries take.
• Rehabilitation and Long-Term Care – For riders with catastrophic injuries such as paralysis or severe TBI, we build claims that account for in-home care, adaptive equipment, and ongoing medical support.
• Property Damage – Your motorcycle, gear, and other personal property damaged in the crash are part of your claim.
• Wrongful Death Damages – In fatal cases, surviving family members can recover for funeral expenses, loss of companionship, and financial support under the Illinois Wrongful Death Act.

What Is the Average Motorcycle Accident Payout in Chicago?

While every motorcycle accident claim is unique, recent case data gives us a sense of what payouts look like for injured riders. Based on reported settlements and verdicts, the average recovery for a motorcycle accident in Chicago is$2,156,955, while the median payout is about $582,967.

The range is from just over $2,100 for minor cases to more than $14.5 million for those involving catastrophic injuries or wrongful death. Where your case falls within that range depends on many factors, including the severity of your injuries, the strength of the evidence, and the skill of your motorcycle accident attorney in building your case.

What Factors Affect Motorcycle Accident Payout Amounts?

In every motorcycle accident case we handle, the settlement or verdict amount depends on multiple factors. By understanding and addressing each one, we strengthen our clients’ motorcycle accident personal injury lawsuits and improve the chances of securing maximum compensation.

• Severity of Injuries – More serious harm—such as traumatic brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, or amputations—often results in higher payouts because of extensive medical bills, rehabilitation needs, and lost earning capacity.
• Length and Cost of Medical Treatment – We document all past, current, and anticipated medical care. Long-term needs, such as therapy or home modifications, can significantly increase the value of a case.
• Lost Wages and Impact on Future Earnings – If a client can’t return to work or must take a lower-paying job, we calculate both the income already lost and the future earnings affected by the crash.
• Strength of the Evidence – We gather physical evidence from the accident scene, secure surveillance footage, obtain the police report, and bring in expert witnesses to prove fault. Strong evidence pushes the insurance company toward a larger settlement.
• Liability Disputes – Under Illinois comparative negligence law, compensation can be reduced if a rider is found partially at fault. We work to minimize these claims and protect the recovery amount.
• Impact on Quality of Life – Pain, suffering, and loss of enjoyment of life are real damages. We make sure these human costs are fully valued in negotiations or at trial.

Example Motorcycle Accident Cases Filed in Cook County

$400,000 – Motorcycle Accident Caused by Road Hazard and City Negligence

In 2018, a 35-year-old rider was thrown from his bike on South Western Avenue in Chicago after hitting an asphalt depression. He suffered a fractured ankle, torn ligaments, and a dislocated shoulder, requiring multiple surgeries and months of physical therapy. The jury found the City of Chicago 80% liable, awarding $500,000, which was reduced to $400,000 due to comparative fault.

$396,394 – Improper Left Turn Leading to PTSD

A 34-year-old motorcyclist was traveling through River Grove when a driver turned left in front of him. He laid down his motorcycle but crashed into the vehicle, suffering injuries including rib fractures, a lacerated liver, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The jury determined the driver was 85% at fault and awarded $466,346, reduced to $396,394 to account for the rider’s share of fault.

Why You Need a Chicago Motorcycle Accident Lawyer

Motorcycle accident cases are rarely straightforward. We’ve seen firsthand how quickly fault gets disputed, how the insurance company tries to minimize payouts, and how bias against riders can creep into every stage of a claim. Having an experienced Chicago motorcycle accident lawyer on your side can make the difference between a minimal offer and the full compensation you deserve.

Here’s why legal representation is essential in these cases:

• Complex Liability Issues – Crashes often involve multiple at-fault parties, from negligent drivers to government entities responsible for road maintenance. We know how to identify and pursue every responsible party.
• Bias Against Motorcyclists – Too often, jurors and adjusters assume the rider was reckless. We counter these assumptions with evidence, expert testimony, and a clear presentation of the facts.
• Accident Reconstruction – We work with skilled reconstruction specialists who can pinpoint exactly how and why the crash occurred, which is critical in proving negligence.
• Medical Expert Testimony – Establishing the connection between the crash and your motorcycle accident injuries often requires detailed medical analysis. We bring in top medical professionals to back your claim.
• Dealing with the Insurance Company – Insurers have teams of lawyers and adjusters working to protect their bottom line. We level the playing field and fight for the settlement you’re entitled to.

How Common Are Motorcycle Accidents in Chicago?

According to the 2023 City of Chicago crash report, there were 575 motorcycle crashes in the city last year. These incidents led to 8 fatalities, 323 injury crashes, 244 property damage–only crashes.

While motorcycles made up only a small percentage of the city’s total 203,594 crashes, the proportion of serious injuries and fatalities is significantly higher for riders compared to passenger vehicle occupants. That’s why we focus so much of our work on representing Chicago motorcycle accident victims; the risks are greater, and the consequences often life-changing.

Where Do Motorcycle Crashes Occur Most Often in Chicago?

Through our experience handling motorcycle accident cases and by reviewing local crash data, we know certain roads and intersections in Chicago pose a greater risk to riders. High traffic volume, fast speeds, and infrastructure issues all play a role in where motorcycle accidents occur most often.

• Lake Shore Drive – Heavy traffic, changing speeds, and sudden lane changes make this scenic route a frequent site of motorcycle accidents in Chicago.
• Kennedy Expressway (I-90/I-94) – High-speed merging traffic and frequent congestion increase the risk of collisions.
• Western Avenue – As one of the city’s longest north-south streets, it sees constant stop-and-go traffic mixed with turning vehicles.
• Cicero Avenue and North Avenue Intersection – A known hotspot for left-turn crashes involving motorcycles.
• Urban Construction Zones – Pilsen, West Loop, and Fulton Market have been particularly challenging for riders due to uneven pavement, lane shifts, and poor signage.
• Neighborhood Streets with Poor Lighting – Areas in Englewood, Austin, and Humboldt Park often have visibility issues that put riders at greater risk.

What Laws Govern Chicago Motorcycle Accident Claims?

When we pursue a motorcycle accident claim in Chicago, we work within a framework of Illinois statutes and city ordinances that determine how liability, damages, and legal procedures are handled. 

The Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/) lays out the rules of the road for all motorists, including those specific to motorcycles, such as lane usage, signaling, and safe passing. In wrongful death cases, the Illinois Wrongful Death Act (740 ILCS 180/) allows surviving family members to recover damages for the loss of a loved one.

Sometimes multiple parties share responsibility for a crash, and the Illinois Joint Tortfeasor Contribution Act (740 ILCS 100/) lets us allocate fault and recover from more than one negligent party. In addition to state laws, riders in Chicago must follow local ordinances that can play a role in determining fault and liability. 

For example, Chicago Municipal Code 9-48-080 requires riders to sit astride the motorcycle, face forward, and keep at least one hand on the handlebars while in motion. Parking rules under 9-64-020 dictate how motorcycles can be positioned to avoid obstructing traffic, and 9-76-050 sets specific lighting requirements, including a visible white front light and an illuminated license plate.

We use these local rules, along with state statutes, to build strong arguments when proving the other party’s fault or countering claims of comparative negligence against our clients.

How Long Do Injured Motorcycle Riders Have to File a Claim in Illinois?

When a motorcycle accident happens, time is one of the most important factors in protecting your right to compensation. Under the Illinois Statute of Limitations for personal injury (735 ILCS 5/13-202), injured riders generally have two years from the date of the crash to file a motorcycle accident lawsuit. 

For wrongful death claims, the two-year deadline typically runs from the date of death. Missing this window can permanently bar recovery, no matter how strong the case may be.

Who Is Legally Liable for Motorcycle Crashes in Chicago?

In motorcycle accident cases, liability often extends beyond just the other driver involved. Depending on how the crash occurred, potential defendants can include:

• Negligent Drivers – Motorists who cause a motorcycle accident through speeding, distracted driving, failure to yield, or other unsafe actions.
• Employers – When the at-fault driver was working at the time of the collision, the employer may be liable under the legal principle of vicarious liability.
• Motorcycle Manufacturers or Parts Suppliers – If a defect in the bike or one of its components contributed to the accident, we may pursue a claim against the manufacturer or supplier.
• Government Entities – The City of Chicago or other governmental bodies can be liable for dangerous road conditions, such as potholes, poor signage, or inadequate lighting, if they failed to address known hazards.
• Contractors and Construction Companies – When unsafe work zones or poorly marked detours lead to motorcycle accidents in Chicago, we investigate whether a private contractor’s negligence played a role.

We evaluate every possible source of liability from the start, ensuring that no avenue for compensation is overlooked. This broad approach not only strengthens the case but can also increase the total recovery available to our clients.

Common Defenses in Chicago Motorcycle Accident Cases

Once we file a motorcycle accident claim, the defense and their insurance company often work quickly to limit or avoid paying damages. We’ve seen a range of strategies used against injured riders, including:

• Comparative Negligence – Under Illinois law (735 ILCS 5/2-1116), if you’re found more than 50% at fault for the crash, you can’t recover damages. Even if your fault is less than 50%, your award can be reduced. We counter this by presenting strong evidence and expert testimony to show the other party’s greater responsibility.
• Sudden Emergency Doctrine – The defense may argue that the driver faced an unexpected hazard, leaving them no time to avoid the motorcycle collision. We work to prove the hazard was foreseeable or that their reaction was unreasonable.
• Claims of Rider Recklessness – Allegations of speeding, lane-splitting, or unsafe maneuvering are common. We use accident reconstruction and witness statements to show that our client was operating safely and within the law.

By anticipating these tactics, we build our cases with the documentation, expert analysis, and witness testimony needed to overcome them, ensuring our clients have the strongest chance at a full recovery.

How to Strengthen Your Chicago Motorcycle Accident Claim

Even the strongest motorcycle accident cases benefit from early, thorough preparation. We guide our clients through steps that can make a significant difference in the outcome of their claim. By following them, we position your motorcycle accident claim for maximum leverage in negotiations and trial.

Preserve Evidence from the Start

The sooner we can review the accident scene, the better. Photos, skid marks, debris patterns, and damaged gear can all help reconstruct how the motorcycle accident happened.

Secure Complete Medical Documentation

We make sure every injury—whether it’s obvious at the scene or discovered later—is evaluated and recorded by medical professionals. Detailed records support the connection between the crash and your motorcycle accident injuries.

Collect Witness Statements

Witnesses often provide a critical perspective on how the collision occurred. We work quickly to identify and interview anyone who saw the crash before memories fade.

Avoid Recorded Statements to Insurers

The insurance company may ask for a recorded statement soon after the crash. We advise our clients to direct all communications to us so we can prevent statements from being used against them.

Keep a Recovery Journal

Documenting pain levels, mobility changes, and emotional impacts can strengthen claims for pain and suffering.

How Our Chicago Motorcycle Accident Lawyers Can Help

From the moment we take on a case, our goal is to handle every legal, investigative, and negotiation detail so our clients can focus on healing. Here’s what our Chicago motorcycle accident attorneys do to protect and maximize your claim.

• Conduct a Thorough Investigation – We gather every piece of available evidence—medical records, police reports, photographs, surveillance footage, and physical evidence from the accident scene. We also interview witnesses and review roadway conditions to identify all contributing factors.
• Work with Accident Reconstruction Experts – When fault is disputed, we bring in specialists who can recreate the motorcycle accident using engineering analysis, vehicle data, and physics modeling. Their testimony often proves critical in court.
• Coordinate with Medical Experts – We collaborate with doctors, surgeons, and rehabilitation specialists to fully document the extent of our clients’ motorcycle accident injuries and the future care they will require.
• Negotiate with the Insurance Company – Our legal team handles all communication and negotiation with the insurance company, ensuring they don’t take advantage of riders or minimize the value of their motorcycle accident claim.
• Take the Case to Trial if Necessary – If the other side refuses to offer fair value, we are fully prepared to present the case before a jury and fight for the compensation our client deserves.

FAQs

Is motorcycle accident insurance mandatory in Illinois law?

Yes. Illinois law requires all motorcycle owners to carry liability insurance meeting the state’s minimum coverage limits.

Can injured motorcycle passengers seek compensation?

Yes. Passengers can file a motorcycle accident claim against any at-fault party, including the rider of the motorcycle they were on, another driver, or other responsible entities.

Are motorcycle helmets required by Illinois law?

No. Illinois does not have a mandatory helmet law for adults, though it is strongly encouraged to wear one for safety.

Can I still seek compensation if I wasn’t wearing a helmet?

Yes. In most motorcycle accident lawsuits, the absence of a helmet does not prevent you from recovering damages unless the defense can prove it directly contributed to the specific injuries.

How soon do I need to see a doctor following a motorcycle crash?

Immediately. Some injuries—like internal bleeding or concussions—may not be obvious at first. Prompt medical evaluation strengthens both your health and your legal case.

Who can file a motorcycle accident claim in Chicago? 

In most situations, the person injured in the motorcycle accident has the right to bring a claim for damages against the at-fault party. This includes riders, passengers, or even pedestrians struck by a motorcycle. 

When should I hire a Chicago motorcycle accident attorney?

As soon as possible after the crash. Early legal involvement allows us to gather evidence, control communications with the insurance company, and protect your rights.

Should I accept the insurance company’s settlement offer?

Not without legal review. Early offers are often far below the case’s true value.

How do I deal with the insurance company after a motorcycle crash?

Direct them to your motorcycle accident lawyer. Avoid recorded statements, signing documents, or agreeing to settlements without legal advice.

How much does a motorcycle accident attorney cost in Chicago? 

Our Chicago motorcycle accident attorneys work on a contingency fee basis. You pay nothing upfront, and we only get paid if we recover compensation for you.

How do you prove negligence for a motorcycle accident?

We establish duty, breach, causation, and damages through evidence, expert testimony, and thorough investigation.

What if I was partially at fault for the crash?

Illinois uses comparative negligence. You can still recover damages if you were less than 51% at fault, though your award will be reduced by your percentage of fault.

What if the at fault party has no insurance?

We can pursue uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage through your own policy or explore claims against other liable parties.

Can I seek compensation for PTSD after a motorcycle accident?

Yes. Emotional trauma is a recognized damage, and we work with mental health professionals to document and value these claims.

Who can file a fatal motorcycle accident claim in Illinois?

If the crash is fatal, Illinois personal injury law allows the personal representative of the deceased rider’s estate—often a spouse, adult child, or parent—to file a wrongful death claim on behalf of surviving family members.

How long do motorcycle accident cases take?

Timelines vary, but most motorcycle accident personal injury cases resolve within several months to two years, depending on complexity and whether a trial is necessary.

How can motorcycle accidents be prevented?

Reducing motorcycle accidents in Chicago requires action from both riders and the broader community. Riders can lower their risks by wearing high-visibility gear, using DOT-approved helmets, maintaining safe speeds, and taking advanced rider training courses such as those offered through the Illinois Cycle Rider Safety Training Program.

On the driver side, public awareness campaigns like “Start Seeing Motorcycles”—promoted by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT)—encourage motorists to check blind spots, allow safe following distances, and watch for riders when turning or changing lanes.

Consult a Chicago Motorcycle Accident Attorney Near You!

If you’ve been injured in a motorcycle accident on Chicago’s streets or highways due to someone else’s negligence, our legal team is ready to stand with you. At Rosenfeld Injury Lawyers, we’ve helped countless riders and their families recover the compensation they need for medical bills, lost wages, pain and suffering, and long-term care. 

Our Chicago personal injury lawyers handle every case on a contingency fee basis, meaning you pay nothing up front, and we only get paid if we win for you. We know the roads, the risks, and the laws that apply to Chicago motorcycle accidents, and we fight to make sure our clients get the full justice they deserve. Contact us for a free consultation today!

Rosenfeld Injury Lawyers

225 W Wacker Dr #1660
Chicago, IL 60606
Phone: (847) 835-8895
Toll Free: (888) 424-5757

Chicago Neighborhoods Our Motorcycle Accident Attorneys Serve Include:

Albany Park | Austin | Belmont Cragin | Bridgeport | Chatham | Englewood | Humboldt Park | Hyde Park | Irving Park | Lake View | Lincoln Park | Logan Square | Near North Side | Near West Side | Roseland | South Lawndale | South Shore | Uptown | West Ridge | West Town

All content undergoes thorough legal review by experienced attorneys, including Jonathan Rosenfeld. With 25 years of experience in personal injury law and over 100 years of combined legal expertise within our team, we ensure that every article is legally accurate, compliant, and reflects current legal standards.